Tahukah Anda...? - { Wikipedia Indonesia }

Mikhail Botvinnik

• "... bahwa sekali mengklik mouse menghabiskan 0,0000024 kcal energi? Itu berarti, bila kita memakan sepotong coklat, kita perlu mengklik mouse sebanyak 765.551.000 kali untuk menghabiskan kalori yang dihasilkannya."
• "... bahwa Mikhail Botvinnik adalah satu-satunya orang yang pernah tiga kali merebut gelar juara dunia catur? Ia pernah menghadapi semua juara dunia catur pada abad ke-20, dan merupakan pelatih awal Anatoly Karpov dan Garry Kasparov. Ia tidak pernah bermain catur hanya untuk iseng-iseng!"

Meleset kan...padahal sudah dikalkulasi.

Gempa Jepang Jauh di Atas Prediksi Ahli

Oleh Administrator  | Rabu, 16 Maret 2011 | sains dan teknologi

 

Para ilmuwan khususnya pakar kegempaan di berbagai belahan dunia masih terus menganalisis pemicu gempa dahsyat berkekuatan 9 yang mengguncang Jepang, Jumat (11/3/2011). Gempa dengan kekuatan sebesar itu memang jauh di atas prediksi para ahli.

Sepanjang sejarah pencatatan gempa secara intensif, gempa tersebut merupakan yang paling kuat. Gempa dengan kekuatan yang hampir setara terakhir terjadi lebih dari 1.000 tahun lalu, yakni gempa pada tahun 869 yang diperkirakan berkekuatan 8,4 skala Richter.

Inilah yang membuat para pakar masih terus penasaran kenapa gempa tersebut bisa sebesar itu?
Professor Yugi Yaji dari Universitas Tsukuba berpendapat, gempa yang diberi nama resmi gempa Tohoku-Chiho Taiheiyo-Oki terjadi akibat pergerakan di beberapa area sekitar sumber energi gempa (focal point) secara bersama-sama. Menurutnya, hal tersebut yang mungkin bisa menimbulkan kekuatan gempa yang hanya bisa terjadi tiap sekitar 1.000 tahun sekali.

Gempa tersebut terjadi di zona subduksi atau pertemuan lempeng akibat dipicu pergerakan Lempeng Pasifik yang mendesak Lempeng Amerika Utara. Lempeng Pasifik yang tak kuat menahan desakan tersebut akhirnya roboh.
"Bagian yang runtuh sepanjang 500 kilometer dan selebar 100 kilometer jatuh hingga setinggi 8 meter. Beberapa area di Prefektur Fukushima sangat tegang, bisa diduga bahwa beberapa wilayah bergerak bersamaan," katanya.

Yaji mengatakan, gempa akibat mekanisme ini bukanlah yang pertama kali terjadi. Gempa Cile yang terjadi pada tahun 1960 dan gempa Sumatera yang terjadi 26 Desember 2004 juga disebabkan oleh mekanisme serupa.
Para ahli sendiri sebenarnya telah memperkirakan gempa dahsyat akan terjadi di wilayah sekitar zona tersebut, namun diperkirakan hanya berkekuatan 7,5-8 skala Richter. Namun, gempa yang terjadi Jumat kemarin ternyata lebih besar dengan energi seismik 90 kali lebih besar dari perkiraan. Energi seismik yang dilepaskan dalam gempa tersebut 180 kali lebih besar dari gempa besar Hanshim yang menghancurkan Kobe tahun 1995 dan menimbulkan korban jiwa 6.000 orang.

Takashi Furumura, profesor dari Universitas Tokyo, mengatakan, gempa Jumat kemarin bisa jadi gempa maksimum yang mengguncang Jepang. Gempa tersebut mungkin didorong gempa bermagnitude 7,2 yang mengguncang Miyagi Agustus 2005 lalu. Sebab berdekatan dengan pusat gempa tersebut adalah pusat gempa Miyagi.

Para pakar kegempaan Jepang kini pun masih terus memantau dampah gempa raksasa tersebut. Meski diperkirakan tak akan muncul gempa sebesar itu lagi dalam waktu dekat, perubahan struktur lempeng tersebut dapat mengaktifkan patahan-patahan di sekitarnya dan memicu gempa berikutnya. Tak hanya gempa susulan, tapi juga gempa di daratan.

http://nationalgeographic.co.id/lihat/berita/753/gempa-jepang-jauh-di-atas-prediksi-ahli

Sumber:

Silakan Isi Tahun lahir kamu di planet lain...hehe

Want to melt those years away? Travel to an outer planet!

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• Fill in your birthdate below in the space indicated. (Note you must enter the year as a 4-digit number!)
• Click on the "Calculate" button.
• Notice that your age on other worlds will automatically fill in. Notice that Your age is different on the different worlds. Notice that your age in "days" varies wildly.
• Notice when your next birthday on each world will be. The date given is an "earth date".
• You can click on the images of the planets to get more information about them from Bill Arnett's incredible Nine Planets web site.

MM DD YYYY

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MERCURY Your age is  Mercurian days  Mercurian years Next Birthday

VENUS Your age is  Venusian days  Venusian years Next Birthday

EARTH Your age is  Earth days  Earth years Next Birthday

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MARS Your age is  Martian days  Martian years Next Birthday

JUPITER Your age is  Jovian days  Jovian years Next Birthday

SATURN Your age is  Saturnian days  Saturnian years Next Birthday

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URANUS Your age is  Uranian days  Uranian years Next Birthday

NEPTUNE Your age is  Neptunian days  Neptunian years Next Birthday

PLUTO Your age is  Plutonian days  Plutonian years Next Birthday

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The Days (And Years) Of Our Lives

Looking at the numbers above, you'll immediately notice that you are different ages on the different planets. This brings up the question of how we define the time intervals we measure. What is a day? What is a year? The earth is in motion. Actually, several different motions all at once. There are two that specifically interest us. First, the earth rotates on it's axis, like a spinning top. Second, the earth revolves around the sun, like a tetherball at the end of a string going around the center pole.
The top-like rotation of the earth on its axis is how we define the day. The time it takes the earth to rotate from noon until the next noon we define as one day. We further divide this period of time into 24 hours, each of which is divided into 60 minutes, each of which is broken into 60 seconds. There are no rules that govern the rotation rates of the planets, it all depends on how much "spin" was in the original material that went into forming each one. Giant Jupiter has lots of spin, turning once on its axis every 10 hours, while Venus takes 243 days to spin once.
The revolution of the earth around the sun is how we define the year. A year is the time it takes the earth to make one revolution - a little over 365 days.
We all learn in grade school that the planets move at differing rates around the sun. While earth takes 365 days to make one circuit, the closest planet, Mercury, takes only 88 days. Poor, ponderous, and distant Pluto takes a whopping 248 years for one revolution. Below is a table with the rotation rates and revolution rates of all the planets.

Planet	Rotation Period	Revolution Period
Mercury	58.6 days	87.97 days
Venus	243 days	224.7 days
Earth	0.99 days	365.26 days
Mars	1.03 days	1.88 years
Jupiter	0.41 days	11.86 years
Saturn	0.45 days	29.46 years
Uranus	0.72 days	84.01 years
Neptune	0.67 days	164.79 years
Pluto	6.39 days	248.59 years

Why the huge differences in periods? We need to go back to the time of Galileo, except that we're not going to look at his work, but rather at the work of one of his contemporaries, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630).
Kepler briefly worked with the great Danish observational astronomer, Tycho Brahe. Tycho was a great and extremely accurate observer, but he did't have the mathematical capacity to analyze all of the data he collected. After Tycho's death in 1601, Kepler was able to obtain Tycho's observations. Tycho's observations of planetary motion were the most accurate of the time (before the invention of the telescope!). Using these observations, Kepler discovered that the planets do not move in circles, as 2000 years of "Natural Philosophy" had taught. He discovered that they move in ellipses. A ellipse is a sort of squashed circle with a short diameter (the "minor axis") and a longer diameter (the "major axis"). He found that the Sun was positioned at one "focus" of the ellipse (there are two "foci", both located on the major axis). He also found that when the planets were nearer the sun in their orbits, they move faster than when they were farther from the sun. Many years later, he discovered that the farther a planet was from the sun, on the average, the longer it took for that planet to make one complete revolution. These three laws, stated mathematically by Kepler, are known as "Kepler's Laws of Orbital Motion." Kepler's Laws are still used today to predict the motions of planets, comets, asteroids, stars, galaxies, and spacecraft.


Here you see a planet in a very elliptical orbit.
Note how it speeds up when it's near the Sun.
(Requires QuickTime Plugin) Kepler's third law is the one that interests us the most. It states precisely that the period of time a planet takes to go around the sun squared is proportional to the average distance from the sun cubed. Here's the formula:

Let's just solve for the period by taking the square root of both sides:

Note that as the distance of the planet from the sun is increased, the period, or time to make one orbit, will get longer. Kepler didn't know the reason for these laws, though he knew it had something to do with the Sun and its influence on the planets. That had to wait 50 years for Isaac Newton to discover the universal law of gravitation.

The Gravity Of The Situation

Closer planets revolve faster, more distant planets revolve slower. Why? The answer lies in how gravity works. The force of gravity is a measure of the pull between two bodies. This force depends on a few things. First, it depends on the mass of the sun and on the mass of the planet you are considering. The heavier the planet, the stronger the pull. If you double the planet's mass, gravity pulls twice as hard. On the other hand, the farther the planet is from the sun, the weaker the pull between the two. The force gets weaker quite rapidly. If you double the distance, the force is one-fourth. If you triple the separation, the force drops to one-ninth. Ten times the distance, one-hundredth the force. See the pattern? The force drops off with the square of the distance. If we put this into an equation it would look like this:
The two "M's" on top are the sun's mass and the planet's mass. The "r" below is the distance between the two. The masses are in the numerator because the force gets bigger if they get bigger. The distance is in the denominator because the force gets smaller when the distance gets bigger. Note that the force never becomes zero no matter how far you travel. Knowing this law helps you inderstand why the planets move faster when they are closer to the sun - they are pulled on with a stronger force and are whipped around faster!

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source : http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/age/index.html